Research Paper on Nitro Shock Absorbers Essay Example

Research Paper on Nitro Shock Absorbers Essay All safeguards are normally isolated into water driven, gas (nitro) and blow (low-pressure gas). This division is traditional on the grounds that in each of the three cases, the â€Å"central† part is the valve, which remains basically unaltered in every one of the three cases, the compensatory component is a gas. The individuals who need to compose a decent research proposition on nitro safeguards need to recollect that focal valve moves in the focal chamber and the distinctions start starting here on. Water powered and blow safeguards have another external chamber, where the oil courses through the base valve. Gas safeguard doesn't have external chamber and all its plan is pressed in one. Accordingly, we could legitimately separate nitro safeguards into twofold cylinder and monotube. When working, any safeguards, by definition, produce a lot of warmth, so the oil utilized in them requires destructive, yet in addition warm dependability †the capacity to withstand temperatures up to 160 degrees without changing its structure and properties. At the same time, the genuine issue of warmth expulsion. Twofold cylinder water driven safeguards disseminate heat more regrettable than high weight monotube, on the grounds that in the previous â€Å"heat generator† †the focal chamber †is secured at the top by another coaxial chamber loaded up with oil and pay gas. We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on Nitro Shock Absorbers explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Research Paper on Nitro Shock Absorbers explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Research Paper on Nitro Shock Absorbers explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For what reason do there is need in a pay gas? Liquid, as it is known, can't be not compacted. In this way, in the event that it were not for the remuneration gas, the cylinder inside the chamber would hit a â€Å"oil wall,† which by goodness of its huge idleness has not yet started to move through an adjusted valve openings. That pay volume of gas is compacted first and takes all the hit to itself and at exactly that point the oil starts to move through the adjusted valve openings of the focal bar. In addition, the oil is frequently warmed to considerable temperatures. Its volume Increases and when it is important to remunerate it, this little part of the gas makes it. Water powered safeguards hose gentler in light of the fact that they have two of the valve framework, as opposed to the monotube, having one in particular which is situated on the stem, in addition to the gas there is at lower pressure. Alongside this, they are extremely inactive and respond gradually to development of the wheel, particularly to low-recurrence vibrations of little amplitudes. The higher the gas pressure, propped up oil, the higher the â€Å"quick response† of a safeguard. In the high weight safeguards gas and oil are consistently in a similar chamber and are isolated by the valve. Gas (normally nitrogen) is at a weight of around 25 airs. In this way, the bar valve all the time is in strain, in â€Å"spring-loaded† condition and subsequently nitro safeguard has a lot snappier reaction to potholes and knocks of the street. To discover increasingly significant information on the point, you may utilize free example inquire about papers on nitro safeguards which might be a magnificent wellspring of data. It is safe to say that you are searching for a first class custom research paper about Nitro Shock Absorbers? Is classification as imperative to you as the high caliber of the item? Attempt our composing administration at EssayLib.com! We can offer you proficient help at moderate rates. Our accomplished PhD and Master’s scholars are prepared to consider your littlest requests. We promise you 100% credibility of your paper and guarantee you of dead on time conveyance. Continue with the request structure:

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Essay Example for Free

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Essay Holden Caulfield in, The Catcher in the Rye, composed by J.D. Salinger, carries on with a pained existence of not so much thinking about the repercussions of his activities. Holden’s convictions on life are exceptionally biased and he is critical of everybody around him. Holden additionally has a solid conviction that for the most part everybody on the planet is a fake. This ties into Holden’s needs of turning into a catcher in the rye when he is more seasoned. Later on Holden needs to turn into the catcher in the rye to spare youngsters from falling into the rye. This thought of doing this came into Holden’s mind in the wake of hearing the sonnet by Robert Burns. Holden feels that the sonnet says â€Å"If a body get a body comin’ through the rye,† however the real verse is â€Å"If a body meet a body, getting through the rye.†The unique sonnet is around two grown-ups meeting in the rye, Holden misjudges this line and imagines that it implies somebody getting somebody in the rye, which Holden needs to do. Holden needs to remain on the edge of the precipice and catch the kids from falling. This is representative of Holden needing to spare himself alongside other kids experiencing childhood in a world that he accepts to be fake. Holden needs to get the children before they lose their blamelessness and fall into a grown-up world with grown-up convictions. By Holden needing to be The Catcher in the Rye, it is representative all through the book and how he doesn’t need to grow up and attempts to keep away from everybody who is fake. He doesn’t need youngsters to lose their guiltlessness since it is something unadulterated that lone keeps going incidentally. Holden’s wish to be the â€Å"catcher in the rye† is noteworthy to clarifying who Holden is as an individual. After the peruser discovers what Holden needs to become when he is more seasoned you show signs of improvement comprehension of Holden and his convictions. In a world that is all fake to him, he simply needs to live. Despite the fact that he might not have any desire to offend , he falls off extremely discourteous. Partners passing was a defining moment in Holden’s life and made a huge difference. This genuinely inconveniences Holden and is appeared all through the story, for example, when he no longer thinks about his examinations or school. Partners demise makes him become exceptionally disturbed throughout everyday life and negligence the benefit of his own life. When Holden says he needs to be the catcher in the rye, in addition to the fact that he wants to spare children honesty he doesn’t need to confront grown-up hood too. Living in a fake world will demolish the guiltlessness of youngsters that doesn’t keep going forever. As the peruser can see, Holden is a grieved kid experiencing childhood in a â€Å"phony† world. A child needing to shield kids from losing honesty will happen when Holden turns into the Catcher in the rye. As a representative topic all through the entire book it is an image of Holden not having any desire to grow up too.

Sample on Price Floor in Fast Food Employees

Sample on Price Floor in Fast Food Employees A Price Floor in Fast Food Employees Dec 21, 2018 in Economics A Price Floor in the Fast Food Service A price floor is a situation where price of a service or a good in the market cannot go lower than the regulated floor. In terms of minimum wage, this is the least possible an employee may receive. In most cases, minimum wage law is known to affect new workers, unskilled employee and employers. A literal example is that when someone drops something on the floor, it cannot go lower than the floor as it will hit and apparently stop. In the case of the protesting fast food employees, this is not a binding price floor, it is non-binding. In this case, fast food employees are the suppliers while the multi-national corporations that offer employment to them are the consumers. Raising the minimum wage to $15 is above the current equilibrium minimum wage. More employees will be willing to supply more of their labor; in contrast the multi-national corporations will not be willing to employ more workers.

8 Activities to Increase Emotional Vocabulary

An emotional vocabulary is the collection of words your child uses to express their feelings and reactions to events. Even before they learned to talk, your child was beginning to build an emotional vocabulary. When your child started turning over and couldn’t get from their stomach to their back, you may have responded to their cries with Oh, that’s so frustrating for you! When your child breaks a favorite toy and begins to cry, you probably tell them I understand that you’re sad. And when your child doesn’t get what they want and stomps and yells at you, you likely respond with an I know you’re mad at me. Why is an Emotional Vocabulary Important? Many parents provide words for the strong and common emotions children feel, like happiness, sadness, and anger, but we sometimes overlook the fact that there’s a large and varied vocabulary of emotion. Children need a larger pool of words to draw on to be able to express all their emotions as well as to be able to read the cues that indicate other people’s feelings. Being able to sense and understand the emotions of others is a big part of a child’s social development and social success. If your child can read the emotional cues to get a sense of how other children are responding to their attempts to connect with them, they are more able to respond appropriately. This is the foundation on which the ability to create and maintain friendships is built upon. How Do Kids Develop Emotional Literacy? Together, the skills of identifying their emotions and reading and responding to other people’s emotions combine to create a skill known as emotional intelligence or emotional literacy. It would be nice if the ability to read cues and to respond in a socially appropriate manner was innate, but it’s not. Kids develop emotional literacy by social experience and by being taught. Some children, like children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders, have more difficulty than others learning emotions and need more extensive teaching than others. Activities to Increase Emotional Vocabulary Kids learn via teaching, but they also absorb the lessons that are going on around them. It’s a good idea to begin to talk through your own feelings and reactions with a variety of different words. For example, instead of swearing at the computer screen when it freezes, take a cleansing breath and say, I’m so frustrated this keeps happening. I’m worried I won’t get my work done on time if I can’t fix it. The Goal  of Activities:  To help your child identify and name a variety of different emotions.Skills Targeted:  Emotional intelligence, verbal communication,  social skills. There are many other ways you can help your child increase their emotional literacy. Make a Big List of Feelings:  Grab a really big piece of paper and a marker and sit down with your child to brainstorm all the feelings you can think of. Your list may include emotions your child doesn’t recognize, but that’s okay. Make the face that goes with the feeling and explain a situation in which that feeling may come up.Add feeling noises to your Big List of Feelings: Children don’t always know how to identify an emotion by word, but they may know the sounds that accompany them. For example, your child may not know the word worried, but they may know that uh-oh or the sound of air sucked in through your teeth goes with that same feeling. Try to stump your child by providing a sound that can be paired with a number of emotions, like a sigh that is associated with fatigued, sad, frustrated and irritated.Read books: Literacy and emotional literacy don’t have to be taught separately. There are many great books that specifically explore emotions, bu t you can find feelings in any story you read. When you’re reading to your child, ask them to help you figure out what the main character is feeling in certain situations. Use the pictures and the plot as clues to help.Play Emotional Charades: This is a fun game to play with your child. One of you picks an emotion to convey to the other, using either your whole body or just your face. If your child is having trouble making sense of the faces, give them a mirror, ask them to make the same face as you and look in the mirror. They may be able to see the feeling on their face better than on yours.Change up the Happy and You Know It Song: Add new verses to this familiar song, using new emotions. For example, try If you’re agreeable, and you know it say okay.Make a Feelings Collage: Give your child some paper, scissors, glue, and old magazines. You can either provide a list of feelings that they need to find faces to match or have them make a collage of faces and tell you wh at the emotions are. When theyre done, label the emotions and hang the collage somewhere where it can be easily accessed.Keep a Feelings Journal: A feelings journal is a good way for your child to keep track of their emotions and the situations in which they feel them.Role-play and review: One of the best ways to increase emotional vocabulary is to role-play or to create social narratives. Come up with scenarios your child might encounter and have them act out how they might act and react. Alongside role-playing comes reviewing. Go over situations that didn’t end well, examine the emotions of the people involved, and talk with your child about what could have been done differently. Resources and Further Reading Aliki. Feelings. Springbourne, 1997.Bang, Molly. When Sophie Gets Angry⠁  Ã¢â‚¬â€Really, Really Angry. CNIB, 2013.Cain, Janan. The Way I Feel. Scholastic, 2001.Crary, Elizabeth, and Jean Whitney. Im Excited. Parenting, 1994.Crary, Elizabeth, and Jean Whitney. Im Frustrated. Parenting, 1992.Crary, Elizabeth, and Jean Whitney. Im Furious. Parenting, 1994.Crary, Elizabeth, and Jean Whitney. Im Mad. Parenting, 1993.Crary, Elizabeth, and Jean Whitney. Im Proud. Parenting, 1992.Crary, Elizabeth, and Jean Whitney. Im Scared. Parenting, 1994.Curtis, Jamie Lee, and Laura Cornell. Today I Feel Silly Other Moods That Make My Day. HarperCollins, 2012.Emberley, Ed, and Anne Miranda. Glad Monster, Sad Monster: A Book about Feelings. LB Kids, 2008.Geisel, Theodor Seuss. My Many Colored Days. Knopf, 1998.Kaiser, Cecily, and Cary Pillo. If Youre Angry and You Know It! Scholastic/Cartwheel, 2005.Moser, Adolph, and Melton David. Dont Feed the Monster on Tuesdays! Landmark Editions, Inc., 1991.Simo neau, D. K., and Brad Cornelius. Were Having a Tuesday. AC Publications Group, 2006.

How Does Light Intensity Influence The Population...

Field Practical Observations 1. Observation: There were more Chamomile sunray plants in the areas that had a lot more exposure to the sun, than shady areas. Question : How does light intensity influence the population distribution of small shrub species such as Chamomile sunray? 2. Observation: Lichen was noticed to be growing on the Callistenom rugulosus (Scarlet bottlebrushes) which were located near a road, however, they were not noticed to be growing on scarlet bottlebrushes which were located away from the road. Shrub near a road exposed to more air pollution. Question: How does the increase in air pollution near roads influence the abundance of lichen species such as Lepraria incana on shrub species? 3. Observation:†¦show more content†¦7. Observation: A higher density of plants were observed to grow near a source of water with the plant density decreasing as the distance to the water source increased. Question: What is the correlation between the density of shrubs/plants and the amount of distance between them and a water source? 8. Observation: On the Lemon Bottlebrush, scientifically known as Callistermon pallidus, a higher density of leaves were observed to be growing on the branches that were located on the top of the shrub, compared to those growing on the bottom of the shrub. Question: How is the density of leaves on shrubs such as Lemon Bottlebrushes influenced by the location of the leaves on a shrub? 9. Observation: A greater amounts of insects were located near a water sources, compared to areas which were distant from a water source. Question: What is the correlation between the sizes of invertebrate populations and the distance between them and a water source? 10. Observation: In the drier regions of an area, more small plants were observed to be growing compared to wetter regions of an area. Question: What factors cause a higher abundance of small plants to grow in regions of greater rainfall compared to regions that receive low rainfall? Research Proposal Research Proposal Focus on Observation 6 : What is the correlation between an increase in air pollution due to roads and the

Research Paper Crime Prevention Strategies Free Essays

string(108) " to effectively reduce crime, relationships between communities and local authorities need to be addressed\." Contents Page Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Research Question (or hypothesis)†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Research (including methodology)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Crime Prevention Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Executive Summary The focus of this paper will be based upon different crime prevention strategies implemented by members of the communities, local and government authorities. It will focus mainly on those practices involving community cooperation and portray how they are successful or unsuccessful in reducing criminality in high crime areas. Firstly, the topic of this research report in clearly stated below. The methods used to acquire the information contained in this research report are also described below. The literature review discusses the three main themes found in the allocated articles relating to community crime prevention. These include techniques to reduce juvenile crime; fear of crime between the community members and the social divides that are created by implementing community crime prevention strategies. The findings discuss, in depth, the effects on the three themes mentioned above once these prevention strategies were implemented. It gives examples of peoples experiences with crime and crime prevention. Finally the discussion presents the outcomes achieved, that are shown by the various uthors. It also touches on the government’s involvement and how it can be improved. The conclusion sums up all the findings in this report and gives an idea of future hope for less crime. Research Question (or hypothesis) ‘What are the leading practices in the field of community crime prevention? You can choose to either research and discuss a wide range of different community crime prevention strategies, or focus on an example of a particular technique and research its successes, limitations and applications. ’ The topic of this paper discusses community crime prevention. It talks about a range of different types of prevention strategies that are used to reduce or minimise crime targeted areas or fields. The various effects of these strategies are shown throughout the report. Research (including methodologies) Before composing this research report, the methodology exercised for this task was content analysis. Content analysis demands for the reader to read ‘in between the lines’. Its main requirement is to draw conclusions from the information presented and apply it to the point being made. The requirements of this methodology are to research and locate a range of reliable secondary resources, applying them to strengthen the argument of crime prevention. Primary research was not conducted as that would have been a more advanced project and is not part of the academic requirement for an undergraduate level. Many different databases were used such as the internet, university databases, academic libraries and Google scholar. Access to libraries and the internet were vital in achieving this task. The scholarly articles were beneficial to this task as the composers of these articles had conducted detailed research themselves, allowing their information to support the point being made in this task. Literature Review Many areas are now trying to implement community crime prevention in order to get citizens more involved in reducing or preventing crime in their neighbourhoods. The articles discuss the different techniques being used to implement this change. One main strategy is connecting the citizens to the criminals. By doing so the citizens are able to see the results that occur when people become criminals. The three main themes explored in these articles are: 1. Youth/ juvenile violence, 2. Social divide created between communities, and 3. Reducing fear of crime The philosophy of Robert Peel that â€Å"the police are the public and the public are the police†, is one that perfectly sums up the relationship between the police and the rest of the community (Lentz Chaires 2007). This quote suggests that law enforcement needs approval from citizens and residents of neighbourhoods to perform their duties correctly. Meaning, this requires the police to maintain an informed relationship with the community. By doing so they are reducing the reoccurrence of the themes in crime prevention mentioned above. Previously, there was not enough knowledge or resources amongst communities to raise awareness or organise crime prevention programs for juveniles. Today, schools together with police and community-based workers are aiming to provide the expertise to help create crime prevention programs for juveniles. It is believed that that one of the most active crime prevention strategies is effective intervention programs. A substantial number of crimes amongst adolescence are detected from anti-social behaviours. Youth need to be more involved in their community activities such as church associated groups, sports clubs, recreation centres (Dodington et al 2012, p. 1026). Other school organisations such as ‘Links to Learning’ helps adolescences engage in activities that will teach worthy skills for future work and careers. All these extracurricular activities will give youth less time to consider committing crimes and more time to become involved in the community. The National Crime Prevention 1999 quotes â€Å"an improved understanding of the early childhood origins of juvenile delinquency highlights the opportunities for prevention programs† (Bor et al 2001, p. 5). One of the limitations of creating community based crime prevention and linking the citizens to crime and criminal is that it creates social divisions between citizens. Usually the higher and middle class citizens are involved in community project and the lower class citizens are left out. This makes the lower class citizens inferior and targeted for being the ones who are expected to commit acts of crime. This creates a division of ‘us’ (higher class) and ‘them’ (lower class). Ward (1997, p. 4) suggests â€Å"situational crime prevention approach may displace crime, tends to benefit middle and upper classes at the expense of the poor people, and may increase the fear of crime. It also may create a siege mentality, isolating individuals and families. He then further states that complaints, of disturbances, made to the police are not always filed. Firstly, the police are given the authority to decide whether the complaint is serious enough, secondly if the victim and criminal have met before and finally judging by the victims social class (Ward 1997, p. 5). In order to effectively reduce crime, relationships between communi ties and local authorities need to be addressed. You read "Research Paper: Crime Prevention Strategies" in category "Free Research Paper Samples" The presence of police may be quite contradictory to residents, it can be comforting for some but disturbing for others. If residents are not aware of measures being taken by police to help prevent crime, they cannot assume their presence is positive but rather understand that more crime is occurring (Mesko et al 2007, p. 70). This will further increase the fear in residents caused by the occurrence of criminal activity in their neighbourhoods’. One resident of Hyde Park describes her lifestyle to have become based upon fear. Since her home was broken into 3 years ago, a gun is always present beside her through the night; the TV is on the entire time she is at home and an alarm system has been installed. The extreme fear is shown in these extra precautions, â€Å"When I come home late at night, I always blow my horn before I get out of the car, so I make sure that a neighbour is looking out. When I sleep at night, there are at least three lights on. † (Ward 1997, p. 5). Complaints have been made to the police, however not knowing the severity of the case; no serious action has been taken. This, again, clearly shows a lack of communication between authorities and their neighbourhoods. Findings It is very clear from the above review that great measures are being taken to try and reduce or even eliminate crime within communities. Law enforcement authorities originally would address crime; however, today citizens are becoming more active and involved in keeping their own communities safe. The results of the first theme, youth/juvenile violence, found that this violence originated from childhood behaviours and therefore should be addressed at these early stages. In doing so crimes committed by youth should be minimised. The main notion believed to reduce youth violence is ‘diversion’. Creating a distraction or alternative for youth is the only way to keep them from winding up face to face with the criminal justice system. This idea argued that juvenile offenders who are placed before the justice system are done more harm than good and are more likely to reoffend. On the other hand, diversions such as sporting activities or after school programs need to be created. These diversions will keep the minds of these ‘adults in the making’ off negative thoughts to commit crimes (Tilley 2005, p. 356). Detective Sergeant Heslop (1991), agreeing with the notion of diversion, states â€Å"Often there is little point in punishing an offender, as the punishment can be shown to be counterproductive. †¦ ] By charging them we are often condemning them to further and deeper involvement in the juvenile justice system, which is, it is submitted, a failure. † He also goes on to say that diversion is the greatest prevention tool and if used appropriately law enforcement can battle juvenile crime more efficiently. The next discussion was the social divide created within the communities when trying t o implement crime prevention. Not all citizens were eager to work side by side with police to manage criminal activity. Studies show that people with higher levels of wealth and quality of life are more likely to cooperate with police as they have more to lose. However the rest of the general public, those classified to have lower levels of wealth and standards of living, were reluctant to become involved as they didn’t have much to lose and were viewed as those more likely to commit crimes (Mesko 2007, p. 84). This divide within the community allowed citizens of the higher class to feel a sense of empowerment through their involvement with the police and once again created isolation for those individuals classified as a part of the lower social class. However the people of the lower social class can also be to blame. It is asserted by Podolefsky (1983) that generally when crimes are committed and no action is taken, liability is placed upon the police. Community members prefer to abuse authorities rather than cooperate and help put criminals away (cited in Ward 1997, p. 5). The final theme discussed is reducing the fear of crime in citizens. Findings show that people are afraid for their safety and do not want to be victims of crime. As a result of this fear, rates of crimes are increasing. In order to relieve this fear people started using different methods to defend themselves such as carrying guns, knives and other protective weapons (Mesko 2007, p. 75). Ward (1997, p. 5) also proves this as â€Å"(a)lmost all residents and business owners interviewed either formally or informally owned guns and kept them nearby, ready for use. † Police are given the primary role of fighting crime and are expected to â€Å"eliminate all evil in society so that the ‘good citizen’ can live in freedom without living fear† (Mesko 2007 p. 81). But to give this role to police solely and not have community crime prevention programs will not guarantee reducing crime within communities and furthermore not reduce fear of crime. Discussion The main point for discussion in this research paper is that community development is a necessary approach to addressing crime and promoting justice in our nation (Acosta Chavis 2007, p. 653). Over the years, police were given the main responsibility to deal with crime; however the development of a community approach will allow members to engage in ddressing socials issues such as crime. This approach also gives member a responsibility to help maintain a safe living location. As pointed out in Acosta and Chavis (2007, p. 654) â€Å"In the community development approach, community members are responsible for solving community problems; to meet this responsibility, community members are given a voice and collective power to influence decisions and social outcomes that will affect their lives. † Some authors argue the effectiveness of an approach involving community crime prevention. The National Crime prevention Framework (Australian Institute of Criminology 2011) believes this approach has proved to be effective, with outcomes such as: †¢Reducing crime and other concerning problems within the community, †¢Increased safety and unity leading to less victimisation, †¢More emotional and psychological support for those who have been victims of crime, and †¢Reducing crimes by those who have previously offended or been engaged in antisocial behaviour. The efficiency of allowing the public to participate in the decision making related to crime, is also shown through the great outcomes achieved in the youth discipline. Partnerships were created with local universities that resulted in service learning programs and continuous student internships which were important in establishing students’ careers by putting them on the right path. Another great accomplishment was that students were achieving better results in school and their behaviours and negative attitudes were definitely improving (Pickens 2011, p. 19-21). An important outcome as clarified by Pickens (2011, p. 20) was â€Å"increasing youth’s awareness about risky behaviour, violence, weapons, drugs, and alcohol†, which was said to be the major motivation for all the other improvements. A topic that has been mentioned by various authors is the amount of government involvement in community crime prevention. It is suggested by Australian Institute of Criminology (2011) that first and foremost the government can help to minimise crime, â€Å"Governments can address factors that influence the opportunities for crime to occur through its various responsibilities in areas such as managing public space and building design, providing community recreational services and developing policies that affect local businesses and urban development processes. Furthermore, Greenberg and Rohe (1984) indicate â€Å"(t)he physical design and appearance of a community (i. e. , structural assets) affect criminal access†(cited in Acosta Chavis 2007, p. 654). Consequently, through developing safer public places governments can begin to create safer public environments. The articles and supporting documents used to assemble this research report were generally discussing very similar aspects of community crime prevention. Topics included juvenile crime prevention, the fear of crime that has been developing in citizens and the community crime prevention strategies that were being used to reduce and prevent crime within neighbourhoods. To increase the effectiveness of these approaches further research should be conducted in the areas of government participation. To take community crime prevention to the next level, local government should consider formalising or enforcing requirements that must be met by all citizens. All citizens should be expected to be involved in creating a safer and combined community. Conclusion Summing up, the involvement of community members in prime prevention is an effective technique. With the help of schools, police, and citizens crime has been reduced in youth, fear of crime has been minimised and social relationships strengthened. More communities should be encouraged to implement more strategies involving their citizens. A final thought is whether governments should consider enforcing community crime prevention in all areas to enable safer living environments. How to cite Research Paper: Crime Prevention Strategies, Essays

Law And Society Essays - Authority, Humanities, Law,

Law And Society Law and Society The function of law in a society is more or less universal. It acts as a deterrent to control the evil and treacherous behavior of humans, to maintain discipline and imposes restrictions on some freedom. We live in a chaotic and uncertain world. Without an orderly environment based on and backed by law, the normal activities of life would be lacerated with chaos. Law is a social norm, the infraction of which is sanctioned in treat or in fact by the application of physical force or by a party possessing the socially recognized privilege or so acting. It provides a society with order and predictability, resolving disputes, protecting individuals and property, providing for the general welfare and protecting individual liberties. Law and the predictability it provides cannot guarantee us a totally safe world, but it can create a climate in which people believe it is worthwhile to produce, venture fort, and to live for the morrow. It prevents the state of nature, which would be total anarchy had there been no laws. Societies today are more complex and interacting. Maintaining good order and discipline have far reaching implications on a society's prosperity. Laws are in acted daily through out different societies for the protection and security of individuals, property, businesses and states. It permits an orderly, peaceful process for dispute resolution and provides us with the programs to establish and enable corporately, what would be impossible, or at least prohibitive, to do as individuals. Laws should be designed to protect the individual personal and civil rights against those forces, which would curtail or restrict them. Some examples of this are freedom of speech, religion, the press, the right to a fair trail and the freedom from cruel and unusual punishment. In the United States the respect for the law is paramount and disobedience to the law is punished. The Constitution, acts of Legislative bodies, orders of Rulings of Political Executives, Judicial Decisions and Decisions of Quasi-Legislative and Quasi-Judicial Bodies enact laws in the United States. Many societies have law and rules to prevent lawlessness and anarchy. With out it, most societies would succumb to disorder.

Free Essays on Amanda

I spent one night at Mass General, sleeping with an oxygen mask to pump my lung back up. The doctors sent me home the next morning with a sore back and no sleep This collapsed lung was just a singular event, a one-hit wonder. Wrong. In October, my lung collapsed again. This time I spent two nights with the oxygen mask. This time when I left I was scheduled for surgery a week later. The day of the surgery I saw Mrs. Penn behind the desk, but she didn’ t wave. I realized that with my oxygen mask I was about as recognizable as the face behind Darth Vader’ s mask. Though I knew I was in good hands, my main feeling as a patient was helplessness. Nonetheless, I experienced one small triumph near the end of my stay. On the way to the CT scan, my wheelchair attendant had no clue where we were going. Not only did I know the way, I knew a shortcut. The attendant was impressed. For a moment, I was not a patient, but again part of the invisible fraternity of hospital workers. High school is a strange time. After three years of trying to develop identity and friends in middle school, students are expected to mature immediately on the first day of ninth grade, but I never did this. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success, as measured by GPA, would be to my future life, and as a result I am applying to college with seemingly contradictory measures of my ability to perform college-level work. If I had worked and studied hard rather than hanging out with friends and viewing high school as an opportunity to socialize, I would not have to apply to school with a 1300 SAT and a 2.7 GPA. Had I taken my grades in my earlier years seriously, I could have been a college's dream candidate. This year I have made an earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. However, after performing poorly for three years, my GPA cannot reflect the transformation I... Free Essays on Amanda Free Essays on Amanda I spent one night at Mass General, sleeping with an oxygen mask to pump my lung back up. The doctors sent me home the next morning with a sore back and no sleep This collapsed lung was just a singular event, a one-hit wonder. Wrong. In October, my lung collapsed again. This time I spent two nights with the oxygen mask. This time when I left I was scheduled for surgery a week later. The day of the surgery I saw Mrs. Penn behind the desk, but she didn’ t wave. I realized that with my oxygen mask I was about as recognizable as the face behind Darth Vader’ s mask. Though I knew I was in good hands, my main feeling as a patient was helplessness. Nonetheless, I experienced one small triumph near the end of my stay. On the way to the CT scan, my wheelchair attendant had no clue where we were going. Not only did I know the way, I knew a shortcut. The attendant was impressed. For a moment, I was not a patient, but again part of the invisible fraternity of hospital workers. High school is a strange time. After three years of trying to develop identity and friends in middle school, students are expected to mature immediately on the first day of ninth grade, but I never did this. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success, as measured by GPA, would be to my future life, and as a result I am applying to college with seemingly contradictory measures of my ability to perform college-level work. If I had worked and studied hard rather than hanging out with friends and viewing high school as an opportunity to socialize, I would not have to apply to school with a 1300 SAT and a 2.7 GPA. Had I taken my grades in my earlier years seriously, I could have been a college's dream candidate. This year I have made an earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. However, after performing poorly for three years, my GPA cannot reflect the transformation I...

6 Must-Read Tips for Writing Friendly AND Professional Emails

6 Must-Read Tips for Writing Friendly AND Professional Emails Last week I had the privilege of presenting a workshop for the staff of a fast-growing digital asset management software company here in Madison. The topic was how to write consistently with the company’s brand, which is friendly, helpful and professional. A big piece of any business communications, of course, is email. How can you write emails that are personable without being too casual? Here are my top 6 email writing dos and donts on how to write email communications that are both friendly AND professional: 1. DO start with a friendly greeting that includes the recipient’s [first] name. There is neuroscience research showing that hearing one’s own name activates parts of the brain that increase attention. I would hazard a guess that people pay more attention when addressed by their name whether in writing or orally. This alone convinces me to use the addressee’s name in every email greeting. (Use the first name except in very formal writing where you might use a full name or a Mr. or Ms. title). What should you put before the name? Sometimes simply the name followed by a comma will do (â€Å"Jane,†), but usually we want to use another word of greeting. â€Å"Hi Jane,† is a common greeting and is widely accepted. â€Å"Hey Jane,† is more familiar and casual. Using â€Å"Dear† could be read as more formal or as more intimate, depending on the context. There’s no right greeting to use except the one that your company agrees is the one most aligned with its brand. In a lengthy email exchange, the person you’re writing to might drop the greeting and simply respond to your message with answers to your questions or responses. Talk to your company about whether you should follow suit. Personally, I rarely write an email that doesn’t include the person’s name at least somewhere (â€Å"That’s a great idea Jane!† or â€Å"Thanks so much Jane!†) Of course, appropriate language and level of formality will also depend on your particular relationship with the person you’re interacting with. When in doubt, check your brand guidelines or ask a colleague or supervisor for direction. 2. DO use emoticons :-O. Emoticons are becoming more and more accepted in business communications and can help with guiding the way a message is read. Emoticons can make a message seem more personal and friendly, so if that’s the tone you’re going for, use them! More neuroscience: Studies have shown that seeing an upright smiley face activates the same part of the brain as seeing a real face! Still, don’t use them unless your company says it’s okay. And know your audience. If you’re communicating with a millennial, emoticons are probably fair game. If your audience is over 70, maybe not. But there are plenty of exceptions to both of these generalizations. Depending on the nature of your business, you might or might not want to use emoticons. They are probably not appropriate for a law practice or government institution for instance, whereas a social media firm might use them frequently. If your industry is somewhere in between, you still might want to refrain from using emoticons in your initial communications. Consider waiting until you’ve established rapport with someone before you start inserting 🙂 s in emails to them. I would recommend sticking to standard happy, sad, and occasionally surprised emoticons, and not pictorialize anger, disgust or love/kisses. That might be going overboard in a professional context. Here are two useful blog articles on the topic: Do emoticons have a place in business communication? and How to Use Emoticons and Emojis in Business Communications. 3. DO write a catchy, informative, spam-word-free subject line. â€Å"What are you doing May 17?† That subject line might get attention from some people, but others might delete it without a second thought, not knowing why they are being asked this question. What about â€Å"Clear your calendar for May 17. [Company] is taking you to dinner†? Sure it’s longer, but I’m inspired to find out more about this dinner. When I first decided to email my LinkedIn contacts and invite them to join my e-list, I used the subject line â€Å"I’ve never done this before, Jane!† A lot of people opened the email. But now so many people are using that subject line, I don’t think it would get much traction. I’ve changed my subject line to â€Å"Where to Find the Best Essay Expert Articles: Your Inbox.† I like this one. It doesn’t hide anything and doesn’t use any tricks. A lot of people open it and sign up for my lists. Be careful to avoid words that will get your email caught in spam filters. â€Å"Free† is a big one. An extensive list can be found in the article Subject Line Spam Trigger Words. There are others. Just google â€Å"email subject line spam words† and you’ll get a lot of good info. 4. DON’T overuse exclamation points! I am guilty myself of overusing these pesky punctuation marks. But they often make things seem less important when we’re trying to make them seem more important. I recommend limiting yourself to one exclamation point per email. You might be surprised how much more powerful your writing becomes. When I was putting my newsletter together, my assistant sent me a draft and I saw an overabundance of exclamation marks. One example was the description of my 8 Most Important Updates for You to Know on LinkedIn – March 2016. The description read: Here is a summary of LinkedIns latest platform updates, from job features to mobile apps and some that are still rolling out! What was the purpose of that exclamation mark? I’m sure I don’t know. Both my assistant and I use them unconsciously and we are starting to catch ourselves and reduce their proliferation. 5. DON’T overuse the word â€Å"please.† The group I presented to was in Wisconsin, a state with a reputation for being â€Å"nice.† So the question came up of whether the word â€Å"please† can be overused in email messages. The answer is yes! People especially tend to overuse the word in awkward phrases like â€Å"Please find attached†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is not language you’d use if you were speaking with someone. Instead, use conversational language: â€Å"I’ve attached the document here† or â€Å"The updated version is attached.† We also frequently say, â€Å"Please let me know if you have any questions.† Here, the â€Å"please† is more natural, so you might choose to use it. But, like the rule with exclamation marks, limit yourself to one â€Å"please† per email. 6. DO reread your emails 3 times before sending. The best way to make sure you’re following the above 5 rules AND that you catch any typos or confusing sentences, is to reread, reread, and reread again. Even those of use who know the best practices and who blog about them (ehhemm†¦.) make some of the errors listed above. As I frequently say, every editor needs an editor. Your writing will be much more professional if you proofread it, saving you time in the long run. So check your work at least 3 times before hitting send. Your recipients (and your boss) will be so grateful that you did.

Your Own Franchise Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Your Own Franchise - Research Paper Example The success of the franchisor will depend on the success of the individual who purchased the franchise. This paper takes about a franchise in the insurance sector. It analyzes the franchise, the amount required to start it, the pros and cons of owning the franchise, and the strategic, administrative, and operation strategies the franchise holder should initiate for purposes of making it a success. It also outlines the various training techniques that the franchise holder should initiate for purposes of succeeding in the business. This paper has a conclusion, which is a summary of the main points identified. Brand Description: The franchise under consideration is Allstate Insurance Company. To purchase the franchise, an individual requires about $50,000. Allstate is ranked amongst the fortune 100 companies, and it is one of the most highly recognized insurance and financial companies in United States of America. The company was formed in 1931, and its success and achievements are pegg ed on its innovation (Bond, 2012). The company operates an exclusive agency force, and its expansion is always dependent on the financial position of its agents. The company is always looking for motivated and highly ambitious people who want to own and operate its Allstate agencies (McCarthy, 2010). The major business products of Allstate insurance company is insurance services targeted at home owners, and auto mobile owners. These insurance services are offered mainly through the various franchise holders of the company. The marketing of these insurance products is done under the brand names of Esurance*, Allstate*, and Esurance* (Bond, 2012). The company provides investment and retirement insurance products, as well as life insurance cover. It also provides variable and traditional life insurance cover. These insurance products are always interest sensitive, and their premiums are affordable. It also provides fixed annuities, such as health insurance covers, and voluntary acciden t cover. Other services and products that the insurance company issues are the business insurance products detailed to serve owners of small business organization. Household insurance cover to consumers targets products such as boats, motorcycles, as well as condominium insurance policies (Bond, 2012). Under the dealer services, Allstate provides non-insurance and insurance products that are sold mainly to auto mobile dealers. The company also has an Allstate roadside service. These services include wholesale and retail products meant to assist road side users. Resources used: One source of information that has provided guidance in selecting this franchise is the organizations website. The organization runs a website with the URL name, www.allstate.com. This website is useful because it provides all the necessary information pertaining to the formation, and operations of Allstate insurance company. The website provides the historic formation of Allstate insurance agency, and it iden tifies its mission, objectives and aims. It is from the organizations website that we are able to know that the company provides most of its services through agencies and franchises (Allstates, 2013). The website also contains the financial records of the company. These records are not for only the current year, but they are distributed to reflect the financial position of the company for over ten years ago. It is also easy to assess information contained in this website. This is because it does not require an individual to open an online account with the company, so as he or she can access the website. All that an individual needs is an access to the computer, and the internet. Another source of information is a book by Bond (2012), referred to as Bonds top 100 franchises. This book by Bond (2012

Removing Hurdles of Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Removing Hurdles of Management - Case Study Example The first understanding that must be referenced has to do with the need for effective management techniques that can provide for a culture of success within the new expansion. Whereas the provision of certain products to the consumer is ultimately the means by which the company could hope to become successful, the establishment of an effective culture within the company, and exhibited amongst its employees, will also have a tangential and direct effect on whether or not consumers will be satisfied with the products and will seek to repeat the buying experience in the future (Gorden, 2009). Likewise, management should seek to promote a level of unified and uniform training of its employee base so that they will be capable and knowledgeable with respect to understanding unique nonverbal cues that the consumers might provide them (Mollins, 2008). For instance, Shaun Gallagher would promote interaction theory as a means of developing a level of social and psychological understanding in t erms of the way in which the consumer react and the means by which the salesperson or staff member engages with that. Rather than merely providing employees with a certain set of expected statements or product promotion that they can provide, interactional theory would encourage management to place a specific focus on the level and extent to which money is directed towards training sales numbers in terms of how they should respond from a nonverbal point of view (Marpin, 2013). Â  Likewise, in attempting to craft an effective firm, Burn’s theory of leadership as such, would indicate that stakeholders within management should either practice a transactional form of leadership or a transformational leadership (Oppenheimer, 2013). As such, the transactional form of leadership is one in which the leader focuses on building relationships between the leaders and followers.

Essay on Character, Symbolism, and Language in Linda Pastans Ethics

Use of Character, Symbolism, and Descriptive Language in Linda Pastan's Ethics  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      As people evolve from children to young adults and finally to maturity, they find that they are constantly faced with difficult decisions.   Learning to make the right choice in a difficult situation is one of the hardest lessons to learn.   Many people make choices without considering what the results may be.   They only look to the future for knowledge instead of considering the knowledge already discovered in the past.   In Linda Pastan's "Ethics," the author has painted a picture of the difficulty people have when they refuse to realize that the most difficult choices to make are also the most important.   Through Pastan's use of character, symbolism, and descriptive language, the theme of this poem is presented for thought.   While choices are made every day without much thought, Pastan has made clear that choices made without the benefit of wisdom are almost always regretted.    The portrayal of the speaker is one way the author has reinforced her theme.   The speaker is young and in school (1).   An instructor asks the class to make a difficult choice in a hypothetical situation.   Many young people today are faced with making these types of decisions everyday.   They try to make choices without considering all facts.   For example, many young adults are uninterested in heritage and history.   Like the speaker who sits "...restless on hard chairs..."(6), and makes a different decision each time "...always half-heartedly..." (9), young people today do not realize the importance of knowledge.   Some of them are in school only because their parents insist on it.   They show no interest in the rich history of society.   They are too busy... ... When the speaker declares that "...earth's most radiant elements burn through the canvas..." (22-23), the message that its never too late is clear.   People can start learning from the past and from past mistakes.    Pastan has created a vivid example of the difficulty of making choices in "Ethics."   People seldom realize the repercussions their choices may make.   As people grow older and learn more, they tend to see how ignorant some of their choices were.   The same can be said of society.   Although a great many wrong choices have been made along the way, it is not too late for society to once again put value on what it already has instead of what it might have.    Works Cited Pastan, Linda. "Ethics."   Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing.  Ã‚   4th ed. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs.   Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 1995. 855. Essay on Character, Symbolism, and Language in Linda Pastan's Ethics Use of Character, Symbolism, and Descriptive Language in Linda Pastan's Ethics  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      As people evolve from children to young adults and finally to maturity, they find that they are constantly faced with difficult decisions.   Learning to make the right choice in a difficult situation is one of the hardest lessons to learn.   Many people make choices without considering what the results may be.   They only look to the future for knowledge instead of considering the knowledge already discovered in the past.   In Linda Pastan's "Ethics," the author has painted a picture of the difficulty people have when they refuse to realize that the most difficult choices to make are also the most important.   Through Pastan's use of character, symbolism, and descriptive language, the theme of this poem is presented for thought.   While choices are made every day without much thought, Pastan has made clear that choices made without the benefit of wisdom are almost always regretted.    The portrayal of the speaker is one way the author has reinforced her theme.   The speaker is young and in school (1).   An instructor asks the class to make a difficult choice in a hypothetical situation.   Many young people today are faced with making these types of decisions everyday.   They try to make choices without considering all facts.   For example, many young adults are uninterested in heritage and history.   Like the speaker who sits "...restless on hard chairs..."(6), and makes a different decision each time "...always half-heartedly..." (9), young people today do not realize the importance of knowledge.   Some of them are in school only because their parents insist on it.   They show no interest in the rich history of society.   They are too busy... ... When the speaker declares that "...earth's most radiant elements burn through the canvas..." (22-23), the message that its never too late is clear.   People can start learning from the past and from past mistakes.    Pastan has created a vivid example of the difficulty of making choices in "Ethics."   People seldom realize the repercussions their choices may make.   As people grow older and learn more, they tend to see how ignorant some of their choices were.   The same can be said of society.   Although a great many wrong choices have been made along the way, it is not too late for society to once again put value on what it already has instead of what it might have.    Works Cited Pastan, Linda. "Ethics."   Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing.  Ã‚   4th ed. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs.   Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 1995. 855.

Starbucks Review

Review of Starbucks: A Step Above DeVry University Review of Starbucks: A Step Above The product I chose to review is the Starbucks Corporation; the Starbucks Corporation is an American global coffee company and Italian-style coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington (â€Å"Starbucks,† 2012). Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 19,972 stores in 60 countries, including 12,937 in the United States, 1,273 in Canada, 971 in Japan, 790 in the United Kingdom, 657 in China, 453 in South Korea, 356 in Mexico, 276 in Taiwan, 200 in the Philippines, 158 in Thailand and 1 in India (â€Å"How many Starbucks,† 2012) .The first Starbucks opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971 by three partners: English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev Siegl, and writer Gordon Bowker. The three were inspired by coffee roasting entrepreneur Alfred Peet, whom they knew personally, to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment (â€Å"Starbucks,† 2012). Let’s take a look at how and why Starbucks is a step above the competition and on a straight path of success.Starbucks not only sells amazing coffee blends and delectable pastries but as a corporation always looking for ways to stay ahead. I want this review to be more than just a review of coffee, this is a review of Starbucks as a corporation and how they use their position to make the communities they serve better places. Starbuck defines corporate responsibility and fairness. The most amazing observation about Starbucks is all the charities and forms of help they offer.For starters Starbucks and the Opportunity Finance Network have bracelets available for a $5 donation to support and create local jobs, these are available at all Starbucks. Starbucks also takes place in fair trade and ethical sourcing, which brings stability to other regions in which supply their corporation. Other forms of support are the millions of dollars in grant money Starbucks supplies to youth leadership programs within the communities they serve and Review of Starbucks: A Step Above thousands of hours of community service to improve those communities.Other strengths that propel Starbucks ahead of the competition are their community stores, leadership and education programs, housing initiatives and their Starbucks foundation which above all else is about helping their communities and the countries in which supply them (â€Å"Being a responsible,† 2012). Another form of strengths that really set Starbucks ahead of their competition is their beverage selection. Starbucks offers many different coffee verities from flavors to different strengths which allow them to appeal to many different consumers.You can also purchase most coffee drinks hot, cold or frozen which sets them ahead of other coffee houses. Besides coffee Starbucks also offers tea and other non-coffee beverages as well pastries and on the go sandwiches for the breakfast and lunch crowd. Most recent expansion of the Starbucks line was their addition to the K-Cup line and the release of their very own single cup brewer, this giving the consumer the ability to enjoy a hot fresh cup of Starbucks in the comfort of their own home.Also Starbucks offers a unique and comforting experience at each one of their stores, no two are the same and each store is modeled after the community it is located. Overall Starbucks is a true competitor and leader in the coffee market as well exemplifying corporate responsibility. This company not only serves refreshing beverages and delicious treats but uses their influence and power to improve the communities they serve and benefit the countries that supply them.Starbucks started as a small company in Seattle in 1971 and became a worldwide leader in the coffee industry as well a global corporation for good. This is what truly sets Starbucks a step above the competition. References Being a responsible company. (2012, November 13). Retrieved from http:// www. starbucks. com/ How many starbucks are there?. (2012, Sep 8). Retrieved from http://loxcel. com/sbux-faq. html Starbucks. (2012, Nov 13). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Starbucks

Privacy vs. Security Essay - 1261 Words

Ever since day one, people have been developing and creating all sorts of new methods and machines to help better everyday life in one way or another. Who can forget the invention of the ever-wondrous telephone? And we can’t forget how innovative and life-changing computers have been. However, while all machines have their positive uses, there can also be many negatives depending on how one uses said machines, wiretapping in on phone conversations, using spyware to quietly survey every keystroke and click one makes, and many other methods of unwanted snooping have arisen. As a result, laws have been made to make sure these negative uses are not taken advantage of by anyone. But because of how often technology changes, how can it be†¦show more content†¦However, most people did anyways as it was beneficiary. As a result, there would be times when the government would, without warning or permission, would burst into a civilian’s house to search for the ill egal trade goods. This angered the people, and after the United States declared and achieved their independence, they made sure to make it so the government would never abuse this power again. This assurance takes form as the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment states as follows: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. What that basically means, is that the government would not be allowed to search a person’s home or personal documents without a warrant from a court judge. The Fourth Amendment is essentially the spine of all privacy rights, but it was written in 1789, long before things such as telephones and computers were even in thought. As a result, interpreting this amendmen t has become quite a challenge. 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Harriet Beecher Stowe s Uncle Tom s Cabin - 1015 Words

Mrs. Shelby and Marie St. Clare in Uncle Tom’s Cabin Brandi N. Harris November 20, 2014 A Paper Presented to Meet Partial Requirements For HIS 2111 Dalton State College Introduction Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a novel written in times of unrest where slavery was a controversial topic and women s rights were still suffering. Uncle Tom’s Cabin showed the grim reality of slavery and showed the importance for women to gain a societal role beyond the domestic domain. The reading contains a number of major characters throughout the novel. The two most notable characters we will discuss is Mrs. Shelby and Marie St. Clare. Throughout this paper we will compare and contrast these two characters and give specific examples to illustrate the similarities and differences between these two unique individuals. The first character we will discuss is Emily Shelby who is the wife of Arthur Shelby who is a Kentucky Plantation owner and the owner of Uncle Tom. 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She does this by telling the story of slaves who were sold to unpleasant masters, showing slavery rips apart families and loved ones, and by showing how children - both free and slave - are affected by slavery. In Uncle Tom’s Cabin a main point to take away from the bookRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1008 Words   |  5 PagesIn the 1800’s,a horrible sin of slavery took America by storm. Africans were brought to the United States as slaves. They were sold like animals, separated from their families, and forced to work for wealthy white men. They underwent torture, famine, and verbal abuse, the sole reason for their mistreatment being their skin color. 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Bullying At School Is A Big Problem - 1977 Words

Bullying Epidemic Bullying at school is a big problem that is found in all the schools in the United States and across the world. Since the late 1990s there have been several fatal school shootings committed by victims of bullying that have brought bullying major media attention. This has resulted in an increase of awareness about the harmful effects on the kids being bullied as well as the bullies themselves. This has brought a large amount of local, state, and nationwide programs designed to try to prevent bullying or to at least try to contain the problem. â€Å"In an effort to adequately address the problem, many schools are taking a proactive approach through prevention and intervention, but how do we know if and when such intervention is effective? First and foremost, we must have an accurate understanding of the dynamic and complex phenomenon of bullying across development and as it spans the multiple levels of the social ecology† (Casper, Meter, Card, 2015, par 2). Many psycholog ists, sociologists, and school administrators have been publishing research on school bullying. Bullying is a significant threat to many children because it causes psychological problems not only for those who get bullied but also those who do the bullying. Even though bullying is a significant problem the are few solutions that can help prevent or significantly reducing bullying like reporting bullying, know the characteristics, and passing laws. What is Bullying? What is the definitionShow MoreRelatedBullying Has Been A Big Problem In Our School System For1745 Words   |  7 PagesBullying has been a big problem in our school system for many years, but it has escalated over the past decade due to the new era of modern technology. 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Why Did the Us Introduce Marshall Aid Free Essays

Why did the US introduce Marshall Aid? The main reason why the US introduced Marshall Aid was to prevent the spread of Communism. In 1946 almost the whole of Eastern Europe was Communist, this was due to the actions of Stalin, he wanted to build up a line of countries around Russia and use them as a â€Å"buffer zone† to protect the USSR from being attacked. Britain had troops in Greece and was fighting a Civil War against the Communists in fear that it too would fall under Stalin’s Communist rule. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did the Us Introduce Marshall Aid or any similar topic only for you Order Now The USA stepped in when the British announced that they could no longer afford to keep their troops in Greece, Truman feared that the whole of Eastern Europe would become Communist (the idea of Communism was very popular in times of hardship, the communists believed that the wealth of the richest people should be shared out among the poor) so he agreed to pay for military supplies, weapons, economic aid and British troops to be sent to Greece and Turkey. The USA’s aid soon became known as The Truman Doctrine. This was the idea that communism should not be allowed to grow and gain territory, and that it was America’s ‘duty’ to fight for liberty. It was agreed that they would send resources to any Government that was threatened by communism. The Truman Doctrine was significant as it divided the world, showing that Capitalism and Communism were in opposition, which suggested that the East and the West could no longer co-operate. This emphasised the many difference between them. The Marshall Plan started the Truman Doctrine in June 1947, when it was announced that $17 billion should be given to Europe to help rebuild their inefficient economy and prevent the spread of communism. For the USA, Marshall Aid was introduced to make the idea of Capitalism appear more appealing, it was also introduced to try and prevent communism spreading. This now highlights how terrified they were of Communism and to what extent they would go to prevent it influencing the whole of Europe. For the countries in Europe that received aid through the Marshall Plan it was seen as a way of rebuilding their economies and preventing communism in their own country. How to cite Why Did the Us Introduce Marshall Aid, Papers

Eco-Products, Inc. free essay sample

Margins were low and salaries were small. Friends and family supplied funds for business operations. This early history was suggestive of a life-style business. B. Discuss Eco-Products’ revenue growth-based â€Å"business model† that evolved over the 2004 through early 2008 period in terms of (a) production versus distribution, (b) product line development, (c) branding, etc. The company remained a local marketer of green janitorial paper and building supplies until 2004 when the company was set on a new course with both business supply and building supply divisions. The management team was expanded and sales in the business supply division grew rapidly as a result of a focus on brand and Internet strategies. a) In 2004-05 Eco-Products remained primarily a distributor of eco-friendly products such as biodegradable disposable drinking cups, etc. that were purchased from a variety of manufacturers. As the business focus shifted from retail sales to wholesale distribution, pressure increased to produce their own brand of eco-friendly products. Product suppliers were selected in China and Taiwan. ) Steve Savage emphasized the development of a signature Eco-Products line from a Polylactide (PLA) resin from renewable resources such as corn and sugarcane. This allowed the firm to offer a full, uniquely designed line of environmentally friendly products. However, lead times were long since orders from the Asian original equipment manufacturers took from 7 to 12 weeks to be filed. c) As wholesale distribution grew, existing product manufacturers restricted Eco-Products’ ability to sell many products in the wholesale marketplace. After identifying Asian manufacturers, the â€Å"Eco-Products† branded line of compostable cups and food containers hit the market in March, 2007. C. What is the size of the domestic and global markets for foodservice disposable packaging? Who are the major competitors producing/selling environmentally-friendly food service products. What intellectual property or competitive advantages does Eco-Products, Inc. possess? The global food service disposable industry produces an estimated $30 billion in sales annually. Biodegradable products represented the fastest growing segment of the industry and had sales estimated to exceed $700 million in 2008. Eco-Products previously carried the Fabri-Kal, International Paper, and Georgia Pacific paper product lines. These firms became direct competitors when Econ-Products decided to produce its own eco-friendly products line. It is difficult to produce intellectual property or competitive advantages in an industry where product production technology is reasonable simple and where there are several major competitors. In fact, the firm had a net loss in 2007 due in large part to the nearly $200,000 (actually $186,726) in interest expense associated with the obtaining of a line of credit which was $2,843,242 at the end of December, 2007. As sales â€Å"ramp up† in the future, it is important to â€Å"spread† the â€Å"fixed† and â€Å"semi-fixed† operating expenses in order to improve the operating profit margin and the firm’s value. E. Exhibit 4 presents Eco-Products’ Statement of Cash Flows for 2007. Was the firm building or burning cash in its operating activities? When also considering cash flows from investing activities, was Eco Products in a net cash build or burn position in 2007? In Chapters 4 and 6 we discussed the preparation of the Statement of Cash Flows. We use the indirect method which begins with an accounting period’s (usually one year) net income (or loss) and adds back non-cash deductions (depreciation and amortization). We then adjust these income statement amounts by changes (between last year and this year) in non-interest bearing working capital accounts shown on the balance sheet to get net cash flow from operations. We also calculate cash flows from investing activities and cash flows from financing activities. In actual practice, accountants use the direct method for preparing the statement of cash flows which aggregates all individual transactions made throughout the year that impact accounting cash flows. Thus, because of the lack of detail, the indirect method for preparing the statement of cash flows is sometimes difficult to exactly reconcile with the more detailed results provided from the direct method. Also, as noted in the prior question, only the 2007 balance sheet was audited. Other financial statements were only â€Å"reviewed by a CPA firm. This makes it more difficult to separately prepare (using the indirect method) a statement of cash flows for Eco-Products for 2007. While many of the changes in balance sheet accounts between 2006 and 2007 match with the amounts presented in the consolidated statements of cash flow in Exhibit 4, others do not. Thus, for this question we suggest that students concentrate on Exhibit 4 to determine the extent to which Eco-Products was building or burning cash in 2007. In Chapter 4 we presented a short method for determining whether a firm had been building or burning cash. The short method sums the net cash used in operating activities and the net cash used in investing activities. 2007 Cash Build/Burn = net cash used in operating activities + net cash used in investing activities = -2,891,887 + -356,745 = -3,248,632 Thus Eco-Products had a cash burn of over $3 million in 2007. A more detailed method for estimating cash build or burn was provided in Chapter 5. Cash Build = Net Sales – Increase in Receivables = 10,867,104 – 965,683 = 9,901,421 Cash Burn = Income Statement-Based Operating, Interest, and Tax Expenses + Increase in Inventories (Changes in Payables and Accrued Liabilities) + Capital Expenditures Note: there may be deferred income taxes as well as changes in other less common current asset and current liability accounts (as shown in Exhibit 4) that must be accounted for in determining net cash used in operating activities. These include prepaid expenses and other assets, income tax receivable, deposits, other current liabilities, deferred lease liability, and deferred revenue and are considered below. Cash Burn = 10,786,740 [i. e. , 7,726,455 + 1,822,206 +1,102,437 + 187,918 (interest other expenses) + -23,276 29,000 (deferred income tax)] + 1,553,188 + 664,003 (i. e. , 589,743 + 64,260 + 10,000) 84,156 (44,800 + 39,356) 126,467 (i. e. , 3,966 + 16,913 + 105,588) + 356,745 = 13,150,053 Net Cash Burn = Cash Burn – Cash Build = 13,150,053 – 9,901,421 = 3,248,632 F. Describe the early rounds of financing that occurred from Eco-Products’ inception in 1990 through 2006. Beginning in 2007, the need for external financing began increasing. Describe the sources, amounts, and types of financing obtained during 2007and the early part of 2008. Exhibit 5 in the case summarizes previous rounds of financing. Eco-Products was started with $8,000 in seed money in 1990. Additional equity investments from the founders, family, friends, and employees for purchase of inventory and to support the building supply division occurred in 1995, 1999, and 2003. As sales began increasing rapidly in 2007, there was a need to finance more working capital, particularly inventory. In 2007, $220,000 was raised from 14 investors which included friends, family, and angels. An additional $2. million was raised from 30 angel investors in late 2007 and during the spring of 2008 through a private placement memorandum. Excerpts from the memorandum are shown in Appendix A. G. In mid-2007, Eco-Products’ management prepared a five-year (2007-2011) projection of revenues and expenses (see Exhibit 1). What annual rates of growth were projected for ne t sales? Make a â€Å"back-of-the-envelope† estimate of the amounts of additional assets needed to support the sales forecasts. How might these assets be financed? Prepare a â€Å"rough† estimate of the possible size of external financing needed to support these sales projections. First, let’s review recent actual sales growth rates: YearSales/RevenuesPercent Increase 2005 $3,649,799 2006 $5,751,78757. 6% 2007$10,867,10488. 9% Financial Projections (made in mid-2007) in Thousands of Dollars: Change YearSales/Revenuesin Sales Percent Increase 2007 $9,200 2008 22,000$12,800139. 1% 2009 38,000 16,000 72. 7 2010 55,000 17,000 44. 7 2011 78,000 23,000 41. 8 Actual revenues for 2006 were 5,751,787 or in Thousands of Dollars rounded to 5,752. The five-year compound rate of growth between 2006 actual revenues and projected 2011 revenues of 78,000 is: PV = -5752 FV = 78,000 N = 5 I%Yr = 68. 44% It is also worth noting that actual sales or revenues for 2007 of $10,867,104 substantially exceeded the mid-2007 forecast of $9. 2 million. Over the 2005-2007 period, Eco-Products changed from being primarily a retail distributor of eco-friendly paper and plastic products produced by other manufacturers to a wholesale distributor of its own â€Å"branded† eco-friendly products. If we assume that the sales to assets relationship that existed at the end of 2007 would hold going forward, we have: 2007 Sales to Total Assets = 10,867,104/5,647,015 = 1. 24 times And, 2007 Total Assets/Sales = 5,647,015/10,867,104/= . 5196 = 52. 0% Thus, it will take approximately a $. 52 investment in assets to support each $1. 00 increase in sales. Using the actual 2007 revenues, we have the following estimates for the change in both sales and assets: ChangeAssets/Change YearSales/Revenuesin Sale x Sales = in Assets 2007 (actual)$10,867 2008 22,000$11,133. 52$5,789 2009 38,000 16,000. 52 8,320 2010 55,000 17,000. 52 8,840 2011 78,000 23,000. 52 11,960 Total = $67,133 Total = $34,909 Based, on these estimates, Eco-Products will need to acquire nearly $6 million in assets in 2008 and nearly $35 million over the 2008-2011 period. Recently 2008 sales forecasts have been revised to 45 million which would more than double the amount of assets needed for 2008. Additional assets can be financed in part through the generation of net profits or income and the retention of those profits in the business. Some spontaneous financing will also occur through an expected increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Any remaining asset financing needs will need to be met through the raising of external debt and equity funds. In Chapter 6, we introduced the a basic additional funds needed (AFN) equation which can provide a quick â€Å"back-of-the-envelope† estimate of future external financing needs. AFN = (Total Assets/Sales)(Change in Sales) – (Accounts Payable + Accrued Liabilities)/(Change in Sales) – (Next Year’s Sales)(Net Income/Net Sales)(Retention Rate) 2007 Total Assets/Sales = 5,647,015/10,867,104 = . 5196 = . 520 (rounded) 2007 (Accounts Payables Accrued Expenses)/Sales = 568,131/10,867,104 = . 052 2007 Net Income/Sales = -36,199/10,867,104 = -. 003 Note: Eco-Products must return to profitability in order to finance its sales growth and to add to firm value. Exhibit 1 projects an EBITDA/Sales margin of 8. 5%. A net profit margin of 4. 25% (8. 5% x . 50) might be achievable and is used here for illustrative purposes. A 100% retention rate also is assumed. Two AFN estimates are prepared for 2008: 1) 2008 sales estimate (in $ Thousands) made in mid-2007 = $22,000; with a change of $11,133 ($22,000 $10,867) 2) 2008 sales estimate (in $ Thousands) made in early-2008 = $45,000; with a change of $34,133 ($45,000 $10,867) 1) 2008 AFN for Sales of $22,000 = . 20(11,133) . 052(11,133) – 22,000(. 0425)(1. 00) = 5,789 – 579 – 935 = 4,275 2) 2008 AFN for Sales of $45,000 = . 520(34,133) . 052(34,133) – 45,000(. 0425)(1. 00) = 17,749 – 1,775 – 1,913 = 14,061 The 2008 AFN ranges from $4. 275 million for $22 million in sales to $14. 061 million for $45 million in sales or revenues. The large AFN est imates are due in large part to working capital needs primarily in the form of higher accounts receivable and inventory. The amount of funds tied up in inventory is problematic due to supply chain lead times and supplier terms (see Figure 2). Furthermore, relatively little supplier financing is provided and the business does not generate large profit margins. As a result, Eco-Products will likely need to improve its supply chain model. Note: Actual 2008 operating results are presented in the Epilogue (What Happened) at the end of this teaching note: 2008 Actual Sales/Revenue: $34. 378 million (well below the early 2008 estimate of $45 million due to a slowing economy, greater competition, and supply chain issues) 2008 Net Income: $1. 338 million (resulting in a 3. % net profit margin) 2008 Year-end Inventory: $12,223 million (excess inventory was produced in anticipation of higher sales which did not materialize) H. Eco-Products’ management developed a Confidential Private Placement Memorandum (PPM) dated October 16, 2007 in an attempt to raise $3,500,000. Appendix A contains excerpts from the PPM. 1. What is meant by a Regulation D offering? What is an accredited investor and how many investors can participate in the PPM? [You may wish to review materials from Chapter 8 and its appendices when answering these PPM-related questions. Regulation D (or Reg D) is a registration that offers a safe harbor from registration of securities with the SEC. Due to uncertainty about what constitutes a nonpublic offering, the SEC provided some â€Å"safe-harbor† conditions that will result in guaranteed exemption as a private placement. An â€Å"accredited investor† was first defined under the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 4(6) provided that there is no limit to the number of accredited investors so long as the offering amount does not exceed $5 million. The definition of an â€Å"accredited investor† was expanded to include eight categories of accredited investors under Rule 501 of Regulation D (see Chapter 8, Appendix B). Banks, private business development companies, and other specified organizations are considered to be accredited investors. Directors, executive officers, or general partners of the issuer of the securities being offered or sold are considered to be accredited investors. A natural person with individual net worth (or joint net worth with that person’s spouse) exceeding $1,000,000 is deemed an accredited investors. Also, a natural person who had individual income in excess of $200,000 in each of the two most recent years (or $300,000 of joint income with one’s spouse) and who has a reasonable expectation of the same income level in the current year also is considered to be an accredited investor. There is no limit as to the number of investors (accredited or unaccredited) under Reg D: Rule 504 which has an offering limit of $1 million. Under Reg D: Rule 505 (offering limit of $5 million) and Reg D: Rule 506 (no offering limit) there may be a maximum of 35 unaccredited investors but no limit on the number of accredited investors. . Considering the planned use of proceeds, discuss the pros and cons of trying to raise $3,500,000 in increments as small as $50,000 each. A $3. 5 million private placement memorandum fall under Reg D: Rule 505 which has a $5 million offering limit in a 12-month period. While there is no limit on the number of accredited investors, there is a limit of 35 unaccred ited investors. At the extreme, raising $3. 5 million all in minimum $50 thousand amounts would require 70 different investors. At this minimum amount, only $1. 5 million could be generated from the maximum 35 unaccredited investors (i. e. , 35 x $50 thousand). Raising funds in small amounts requires more time, effort, and cost. Since there is a need to quickly build up working capital, particularly inventory, raising funds in relatively small amounts over an extended period of time could impede the firm’s ability to grow its sales. 3. Summarize the risk factors listed by management in the Private Placement Memorandum. Which factors do you believe are the most crucial in determining the future success of Eco-Products? Appendix A provides excerpts for Eco-Products 2007 Private Placement Memorandum. Risk factors include: a) Need for new product development b) Being subject to patent infringement laws c) Reliance on importing products from overseas suppliers d) Competition will continue to increase e) Supply could be constrained by raw material availability f) Subject to federal and state, as well as foreign, regulations g) Subject to product liability claims h) Need to hire and retain skilled personnel i) Need to successfully manage growth ) Impact by general economic conditions k) Restrictions on the transferability of, and no pubic market, for firm’s stock l) Determination of offering price was arbitrarily determined by current owners m) No expectation to pay dividends in foreseeable future Supply chain-related risks (availability to obtain raw materials and reliance on importing products from overseas suppliers), the need for new product development, and increasing competition clearly will be important if Eco-Products is able to achieve profitable sales growth and added to firm value in the future. Of course, the ability to avoid/manage the other risk factors listed by management also will have a major impact on the firm’s future success. I. Identify and discuss the factors and developments that led to the previously unexpected revenue growth during the first-half of 2008 by Eco-Products. Is such growth likely to be sustainable in the near future? What possible developments might interrupt or change this rapid rate of sales growth? In mid-2007, management forecasted full-year 2007 sales to be $9. 2 million with a sales forecast of $22 million for 2008 (refer to Exhibit 1). Then, the â€Å"perfect storm† hit. Oil prices spiked to new heights and general awareness of environmental issues intensified. Orders for products made from renewable resources skyrocketed and Eco-Products experienced large and sudden increases in sales. In early 2008, forecasted 2008 full-year sales were increased to $45 million. The ability to meet and maintain such growth targets would depend on consumer demand for eco-friendly products, the ability to fulfill orders given the firm’s long inventory cycle, how competitors (particularly some very large firms) will react, and overall economic conditions. Actual 2008 sales were a little under $35 million (see the Epilogue, What Happened, at the end of this teaching note). This over $10 million short-fall in sales from the early 2008 forecast of $45 million was associated with a decline in economic activity (recession), increased competition, and a supply chain problem that made it difficult to first avoid stocking out of inventory and then accumulating excess inventory. By the end of 2008, inventory had increased to more than $12 million compared to $2. 4 million at the end of 2007. J. Explain Eco-Products’ supply chain model that existed in early 2008. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of such a model from an operations viewpoint. What are the implications of this supply chain model on Eco-Products working capital financing needs and its cash conversion cycle? The supply chain model used by Eco-Products resulted in a long inventory cycle (for a relatively simple production process). Raw materials were often purchased in the U. S. or from suppliers in other countries, shipped to manufacturers in Asia, with the final products being shipped back for sale in the U. S. This long inventory cycle tied up cash and made it difficult to stock adequate inventory in some time periods, or produce excess inventory at other times. A long supply chain cycle involves larger asset financing requirements, particularly in the form of inventory. As shown below, both assets to sales and inventory to sales increased dramatically as the firm changed from a seller of products manufactured by other firms to a business model whereby Eco-Products became a manufacturer and wholesaler of eco-friendly products. 2005 Total Assets/Sales = 795,465/3,649,799 = . 179 = 21. 8% 2006 Total Assets/Sales = 2,103,478/5,751,787 = . 3657 = 36. 6% 2007 Total Assets/Sales = 5,647,015/10,867,104 = . 5196 = 52. 0% 2005 Inventory/Sales = 361,906/3,649,799 = . 0992 = 9. 2% 2006 Inventory/Sales = 862,728/5,751,787 = . 1499 = 15. 0% 2007 Inventory/Sales = 2,415,916/10,867,104 = . 2223 = 22. 2% Actual 2008 Results: 2008 Total Assets/Sales = 18,903,838/34,378,138 = . 5499 = 55. 0% 2008 Invento ry/Sales = 12,222,801/34,378,138 = . 3555 = 35. 6% Total assets to sales increased from 52. 0% for 2007 to 55. 0% in 2008. Of course, the primary reason for the need to finance more assets relative to sales was due to the increase in the inventory to sales ratio which increased from 22. 2% in 2007 to 35. 6% in 2008. The inability to efficiently manage inventory levels was due, at least in part, to the supply chain model being employed by Eco-Products. An examination of the Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) also helps illustrate the working capital problem faced by Eco-Products. CCC Calculations: Inventory-to-Sale Conversion Period (Inv. CP): 2005 Inv. CP = 361,906/(2,584,326/365) = 361,906/7,080. 4 = 51. 1 days 2006 Inv. CP = 862,728/(3,684,492/365) = 862,728/10,094. 5 = 85. 5 days 2007 Inv. CP = 2,415,916/(7,726,455/365) = 2,415,916/21,168. 4 = 114. 1 days Sale-to-Cash Conversion Period (Rec. CP): 2005 Rec. CP = 101,690/(3,649,799/365) = 101,690/9,999. 5 = 10. 2 days 2006 Rec. CP = 862,728/(5,751,787/365) = 862,728/15,758. 3 = 54. 8 days 2007 Rec. CP = 1,330,562/(10,867,104/365) = 1,330,562/29,772. 9 = 44. 7 days Purchase-to-Payment Conversion Period (Pmt. CP): 2005 Pmt. CP = 123,429/(2,584,326/365) = 123,429/7,080. 4 = 17. 4 days 2006 Pmt. CP = 526,555/(3,684,492/365) = 526,555/10,094. 5 = 52. 2 days 2007 Pmt. CP = 568,131/(7,726,455/365) = 568,131/21,168. 4 = 26. 8 days Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC): 2005 CCC = 51. 1 days + 10. 2 days – 17. 4 days = 43. 9 days 2006 CCC = 85. 5 days + 54. 8 days – 52. 2 days = 88. 1 days 2007 CCC = 114. 1 days + 44. 7 days – 26. 8 days = 132. 0 days The dramatic increase in the cash conversion cycle from 43. 9 days in 2005 to 132. 0 days in 2007 reflects the change in the firm’ business model from a seller of products manufactured by other firms to a manufacturer/wholesaler of eco-friendly products, as well as the firm’s supply chain model which resulted in a long inventory conversion period which was 114. days in 2007. Dividing 365 days by 114. 1 days results in an inventory turnover of 3. 2 times per year. This is a very low turnover for products that require very short production times. For reference, the actual CCC calculations for 2008 were as follows: 2008 Inv. CP = 12,222,801/(26,041,166/365) = 12,222,801/71,345. 7 = 171. 3 days 2008 Rec. CP = 3,109,920/(34,378,138/365) = 3,109,920/94,186. 7 = 33. 0 days 2008 Pmt. CP = 3,804,210/(26,041,166/365) = 3,804,210/71,345. 7 = 53. 3 days 2008 CCC= 171. 3 days + 33. 0 days – 53. 3 days = 151. 0 days This further increase in the CCC meant that even more financing was required to support the actual 2008 sales. K. In mid-2008, Eco-Products management sought to quickly (hopefully) raise an additional $2 million in external financing through a single private equity investment. The term sheet prepared by Greenmont Capital is presented in Appendix B. 1. After considering a number of possible private equity investors, Greenmont Capital was selected by Eco-Products’ management. Discuss the pros and cons of selecting a small locally-based private equity firm relative to a larger private equity investor? Large private equity firms have large amounts of funds to invest and will have a portfolio of several projects being simultaneously financed. Large private equity firms also usually can move quickly in providing funds to specific ventures and are likely to have broad industry and managerial expertise to offer in support of the venture’s management team. However, given multiple investments, their working arrangements with a specific venture may be more impersonal. A small private equity firm will invest in fewer ventures and thus can devote more specific focus on understanding the business model of each of their venture investments. While a small private equity firm may have limited overall industry and managerial expertise, they will concentrate their investments in industries and firms they know and understand. However, small private equity firms likely will have smaller amounts to invest and may take longer to raise funds from their investors. As a result, ventures needing large amounts of immediate financial capital may be hindered if they try to work with a small private equity firm. 2. Review the investment terms presented in Appendix B and comment on any factors in the term sheet that might be â€Å"deal breakers. If you were representing Eco-Products top management, which terms might you want deleted or modified from the term sheet? Now, if you were representing Greenmont Capital, which terms would be important in protecting its investment capital? It might be helpful to first review Chapter 11, Figure 11. 6 which provides a list of â€Å"Typical Issues Addressed in a Term Sheet. ’ A term sheet should summarize the proposed principal terms with respect to a specific financing vehicle to be used to finance a venture. Included should be an identification of the issuer, the investor(s), the type of security being used, the price of the security being offered, and the amount of financing to be raised and an agreed to ownership position. In the proposed term sheet shown in Appendix B, Eco-Products is issuing Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (initially convertible on a 1:1 basis into shares of the company’s common stock) at a price of $1. 50 per share to Greenmont Capital Partners. A total of $2 million will be raised in exchange for a 7. % ownership position on a fully-diluted basis (including shares reserved for any employee option pool including additional warrants being offered to Greenmont). The proposed terms of the Series A Preferred Stock are spelled out in Appendix B and include: dividends, liquidation preference, conversion, automatic conversion, anti-dilution provisions, voting rights, board of directors, board meetings, protective provisions, information rights, registration rig hts, right of participation, purchase agreement, employee pool, stock vesting, restrictions on sales, co-sale agreement, and employment agreements. The term sheet also addresses â€Å"other matters† that include: confidentiality, indemnification, legal fees and expenses, and conditions precedent to financing. A possible â€Å"deal breaker† would be the number of warrants being offered to Greenmont Partners in the term sheet proposal. The July 18, 2008 term sheet proposal provides for Greenmont to receive 1. 5 million shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock initially convertible on a 1:1 basis into shares of Eco-Products common stock. The term sheet proposal also provides for a 25% warrant coverage (i. . , warrants to purchase additional Series A Preferred Shares at an exercise price of $1. 50 per share). This would amount to 333,333 warrants ($1. 5 million shares times . 25) which potentially dilutes Eco-Products equity ownership. Eco-Products likely would want the proposed â€Å"warrants† provision to be modified downwards or even deleted. Eco-Products also may want to modify downwards the proposed à ¢â‚¬Å"dividends† provision for the Series A Preferred Stock which provides for cumulative dividends of 8% of the original purchase price per annum. Greenmont Capital, in an effort to protect its investment capital, would want to maintain the warrants provision. Anti-dilution provisions also are very important since additional equity capital will be needed to finance Eco-Products growth and this capital is likely to come from other private equity investors. 3. Some analysts employ a relative value method that uses multiples from comparable firms to estimate the value of a target venture. Exhibit 9 contains enterprise value-to-sales information for a number of possible comparable firms for the purpose of valuing Eco-Products. Estimate the enterprise value of Eco-Products. What portion of equity ownership should Eco- Products be willing to give up for the $2 million Greenmont Capital investment? Although Eco-Products had been in business since 1990, its business model changed between 2005 and 2007. Eco-Products became a manufacturer and wholesaler of eco-friendly products at a time when oil prices were at record highs and concern about the environment reached new heights. Sales grew rapidly in 2007. However, the firm operated at a loss in 2007. Thus, by 2008 Eco-Products possessed characteristics of a high sales growth venture that needed to still find a way to produce bottom line profitability and ultimately free cash flows for the equity investors. When trying to value such a venture, analysts may differ widely as to what they believe are reasonable values. As discussed in the text, ventures may be valued using a discounted cash flow (DCF) method (see Chapters 9 and 13), a venture capitalist (VC) short-cut method (see Chapter 10), or a relative valuation method (see Chapter 14). Analysts often attempt to value a firm on the basis of its top line (sales), its rough cash flow (as reflected in EBITDA), and/or its bottom line (net income). Here we concentrate on examining the relative valuation data provided by Greenmont Capital Partners in Exhibit 9 which included financial information on 7 â€Å"possible† transactions. Five of the transactions occurred While some analysts might argue for including all available transactions, a case could be made for including the five transactions that occurred during 2007 and which may be more representative of the valuation multiples that prevailed in mid-2008. The Insulair acquisition was in July, 2006 and had an enterprise value to revenue multiple that was several times higher than any of the other transactions. The Newspring acquisition occurred in March, 2005 and thus was over three years prior to the current mid-2008 valuation date. The average enterprise value to revenue multiple for the Tendercare International, Waddington, Van Houtte, Matrix Packaging, and Prairie Packaging transactions was 1. 55 times. Unfortunately, no information was available for EBITDA (except for the dated Newspring transaction) or net income multiples. As noted in the case, sales estimates changed rapidly in the case. Eco-Products management in mid-2007 had forecasted 2008 sales to be $22 million. By early 2008, the 2008 sales estimates were revised upwards to $45 million. Trailing twelve months revenues for the twelve months ended in June, 2008 were $19. 7 million. Exhibit 8 shows quarterly revenues increasing rapidly over the past three quarters with revenues amounting to almost $13. 5 million for the first-half of 2008. Thus, to reach the $45 million in forecasted sales for all of 2008, the second-half of the year sales would need to be $31. 0 million. However, as Eco-Products entered the second-half of 2008, there was reason for some concern due to an inventory-related problem and the fact that consumer spending and overall economic activity were slowing considerably. A range of possible values for Eco-Products using an enterprise value to sales multiple of 1. 55 might be: Sales or Rev. xMultiple = Value 12-Month Trailing Sales $19. 7 million 1. 55 $30. 535 million Management’s Forecast$45. 0 million1. 55 $69. 750 million Actual 2008 Results$34. 4 million1. 55 $53. 20 million At the end of 2007, Eco-Products had a line of credit outstanding of $2,843,242, long-term debt (including the current portion) of $164,411, and long-term capital leases (including the current portion) of $215,530 for an interest-bearing debt plus capital leases total of $3,223,183 or approximately $3. 2 million rounded. Thus, the enterprise values shown above should be reduced by about $3. 2 million each. The equity value using trailing sales would be $27. 3 million while the equity value using management’s $45 million sales forecast would be about $66. 5 million. Furthermore, it was likely that even more interest-bearing debt was outstanding as of mid-2009. For example, the $4 million line-of-credit (of which $2. 8 million was outstanding at the end of 2007) was increased to $8 million on July 1. Larger interest-bearing debt obligations would have further reduced the equity value of the firm. Note: As can be seen from the actual 2008 results, the lines of credit at the end of 2008 amounted to slightly more than $8 million, long-term debt (including the current portion) was nearly $. 5 million, and long-term capital leases (including the current portion) was nearly $. 3 million. Thus, the total interest-bearing debt plus long-term capital leases amounted to approximately $8. 8 million. In the proposed term sheet (see Appendix B), Greenmont Partners valued Eco-Products equity at $29. 6 million as of mid-2008. This amount was about $2. 3 million more than the equity value of $27. 3 million (30. 5 million $3. 2 million) estimated based on 12-month trailing sales. Greenmont Partners’ post-money ownership (including shares reserved for the employee option pool but not the warrants to be issued to Greenmont) can be estimated as: $2,000,000/($29,587,500 + $2,000,000) = $2,000,000/$31,587,500 = 6. 3% Or, using pre-money and post-money shares the calculations would be: Pre-money shares (fully diluted to account for the employee option pool) = $29,587,500/$1. 50 = 19,725,000 shares Shares issued to Greenmont = $2,000,000/$1. 50 = 1,333,333 Post-money shares = 19,725,000 + 1,333,333 = 21,058,333 Greenmont Partners’ ownership = (1,333,333 shares)/(21,058, 333 shares) = 6. 33% Of course, the potential dilution impact of the 333,333 (1,333,333 x . 25) warrants to be issued to Greenmont also need to be taken into consideration in determining Greenmont’s ownership percentage on a fully diluted basis. Greenmont’s potential total shares = 1,333,333 + 333,333 = 1,666,666 Total post-money fully-diluted shares = 21,058,333 + 333,333 = 21,391,666 Greenmont’s ownership position on a fully-diluted basis = 1,666,666 shares/21,391,666 shares = . 0779 = 7. 8% rounded As noted in the following epilogue, Greenmont Partners negotiated a larger percentage ownership as Eco-Products struggled to meet its revenue targets due to inventory-related problems and the rapidly slowing economy during the last-half of 2008. According to the 2008 balance sheet, 1,366,666 shares of preferred stock were actually issued to Greenmont, instead of the previously negotiated 1,333,333 shares (an increase of 33,333 shares). Adding the 333,333 warrants resulted in Greenmont Partners having potential 1,699,999 fully-diluted shares. EPILOGUE: What Happened Finance deal. Steve Savage and Greenmont Capital Partners signed a $2 million Series A investment round on July 1, 2008. Greenmont’s valuation was not the highest of those Savage received, but it was close. Savage chose Greenmont over others because the valuation was fair and provided the intangible benefits of a strategic partnership, and the Greenmont team was beset with industry veterans. Greenmont’s terms sheet contained what Savage considered were standard provisions and covenants and negotiations went smoothly. Ellie’s Organic Home Center, the retail operation, was the main sticking point for Greenmont because they felt the retail operation distracted from the company’s core competencies. The valuation excluded Ellie’s and the terms contained a provision preempting any activity involving â€Å"the investment of funds in Ellie’s Organic Home Center in excess of $200,000 beyond its current approved operating budget. † Recession. Following the investment, Eco-Products struggled to meet revenue targets. Prior to the Greenmont deal, Eco-Products had never been accountable to outside investors for its performance and, at that time, introducing new products impeded accurate sales forecasts. The company faltered when a recession hit the market in late 2008 and sales slumped by as much as 30% industry wide. Greenmont ended up with nearly 8% of Eco-Products, shares fully diluted including an employee pool, up from its original 6. 3% share prior to adding the 333,333 warrants as part of the deal. Savage continued to believe he made the right decision, regardless of these difficulties, but â€Å"I should have kept the PPM going,† he stated. Recovery. Eco-Products overcame the decline in spending that most consumer good companies and manufacturers experienced beginning in the fall of 2008. The 2008 financial statements are given in Exhibits 1 and 2. One year later Eco-Products’ â€Å"GreenStripe† product line was being sold through than 450 distributors and the company launched a retail product line. In June of 2009, Savage resigned as CEO. The company replaced its CEO-Founder with an executive accomplished in growing established companies, the former CEO of Corporate Express who took that company from $50 million to $5 billion in revenue. Savage became Executive Chairman and looked to planned to conduct another round of private equity financing, this time for $5 million to operations. He stated: This $5 million in financial capital is more than enough unless the core business really takes off, or the new products lines really take off, or an attractive merger and acquisition comes along. Then that money could go up in smoke. I figure a pre-valuation equity stake of $9. 5 million and still in the single-digits. I hope to give myself and some others that have been part of the five previous rounds an opportunity to take money off the table. I never have†¦. and I hold 9 million of the 21 million shares.